A.1.1SL only
Inter-system communication
Guiding question: How do nerves and hormones carry messages around the body so that its systems work together during exercise?
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A.1.1.1
The nervous system
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS); every other nerve belongs to the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system's efferent nerves form the somatic system, which serves skeletal muscle, and the autonomic system, with sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Proprioceptors, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors send information to the brain, which then adjusts breathing and the heart rate set by the sinoatrial (SA) node. Temperature is controlled through the hypothalamus, which acts on sweating, skin blood flow and shivering.
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Quick check
1.Which of the following correctly describes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac function?
2.Proprioceptors are primarily responsible for detecting:
3.Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle?
A.1.1.2
The endocrine system
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood, which carries them to target cells elsewhere in the body. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) raise heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls how much water the kidneys retain. Progesterone raises body temperature and can disturb sleep and alter fuel use. Oestrogen helps spare glycogen and affects joint stiffness. Testosterone promotes bone formation, muscle protein synthesis and erythropoietin (EPO) release.
Match the terms
Key terms
Match each term to its meaning.
Tap a term, then tap its meaning.
Check yourself
Quick check
1.Which of the following is an effect of testosterone on the body?
2.During a long bike ride, which hormone is released in greater amounts to help keep blood glucose concentration stable?
3.Which hormone increases heart rate during exercise?
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